Major
celecoxib × Enalapril
Selective COX-2 inhibitor (coxib)×Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi)
Mechanism
NSAIDs reduce renal blood flow via prostaglandin blockade. The ACE-I (enalapril) dilates glomerular efferent arterioles. The combination causes acute kidney injury, especially in older patients, chronic kidney disease, and dehydration.
Symptoms
Reduced urine output, rising creatinine and potassium, oedema. Symptoms appear earlier in older patients and in chronic kidney disease.
Management
For prolonged celecoxib therapy, check creatinine 2–4 weeks after start, then every 3 months. In older patients and chronic kidney disease, paracetamol is preferable.