Amlodipine × carvedilol

Additive hypotension and peripheral oedema. Amlodipine causes ankle oedema; the beta-blocker (carvedilol) may potentiate fluid retention.

Lower-leg and ankle oedema, weight gain. Hypotension and dizziness on standing. Worsening dyspnoea in heart failure patients.

Standard combination in ischaemic heart disease with hypertension. In heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, titrate carefully and monitor weight and dyspnoea. For marked ankle oedema: switch to lercanidipine (less oedema among dihydropyridines).